Models for Forecasting Exchange Rates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Models for Forecasting Exchange Rates - Essay Example is a function of sample size = N M = N/log N Schwartz criterion Consistent estimate of lag length Akaike lag length Minimum mean square prediction errors criterion of the dependent variable Similar to AR Weight (W) is assigned arbitrarily W = 0.95 Random Walk model Current spot rate is a predictor of the future spot rate; Basic model Requires no estimation With a drift parameter Mean monthly (logarithmic) exchange rate change These methods minimize criteria based on squared deviations; but it will be ineffective when the fluctuations in foreign exchange rates is unusual - and not as based on reasons established in various studies of fluctuations. Multivariate Time Series Models - Unconstrained Vector Auto regression (VAR).(1. MEESE, Richard A.; ROGOFF; Kenneth) Under VAR model, "contemporaneous value of each variable is regressed against lagged values of itself and all the other variables. The exchange rate equation is st = a i i s - 1 + a l z s t - 2 +"" a i n s f - n + BilXt - 1+ 2 X t - 2 +"" B'iX,- + ui where X,_j is a vector of the explanatory variables in the earlier equation, lagged jperiods." (1. MEESE, Richard A.; ROGOFF; Kenneth) VAR yields better forecasts since it does not restrict any variables and is better equipped to tackle the estimation problems that plague the structural models. Theoretical Models - Purchasing Power Parity Condition (PPP) , Sticky price monetary model of Dornbusch and Frankel , Balassa- Samuelson model based on productivity differentials, uncovered interest rate parity (UIP) (2. Cheung, Yin-Wong ; Chinn, Menzie D. ; Pascaul, Antonio Garcia) Model Assumption / Determination Purchasing Power Price indices...Richard A. MEESE, Kenneth ROGOFF) These methods minimize criteria based on squared deviations; but it will be ineffective when the fluctuations in foreign exchange rates is unusual - and not as based on reasons established in various studies of fluctuations. Theoretical Models - Purchasing Power Parity Condition (PPP) , Sticky price monetary model of Dornbusch and Frankel , Balassa- Samuelson model based on productivity differentials, uncovered interest rate parity (UIP) (2. Cheung, Yin-Wong ; Chinn, Menzie D. ; Pascaul, Antonio Garcia) "Let s be the log exchange rate, m and y be log domestic money stock and output and m* and y* be log foreign money stock and output. Following Mark, the money stock variables are constructed as four quarter moving averages, to eliminate seasonality. The fundamental value of the log exchange rate predicted by the monetary model is: f1 = (m-m*)-(y-y*)" "This model states that the nominal exchange rate is determined by home-foreign differentials in the monetary fundamentals used above as well as short-term interest rates, expected inflation rates, and cumulated current account balances." There is no evidence to suggest that exchange rate forecasts obtaine

Developed in Rome Essay Example for Free

Developed in Rome Essay In the time of the Renaissance, the arts became the primary preoccupation of the people. This is because of the pervading atmosphere of humanism, which promotes the accomplishments of the individual in a gamut of areas. The Renaissance as an era is divided into two parts: the early Renaissance which occurred in Florence and the high Renaissance that developed in Rome. How are these two phases different in terms of artistic styles? How are they alike? In the spirit of humanism that it advances, the art pieces reminiscent of the early Renaissance tried to put into canvass a very realistic depiction of the human form. Everything from proportion to color was considered to achieve the desired effect of realism. According to Noble, â€Å"artists developed new techniques to give paintings a more three-dimensional, life-like quality, and commonly studied human and animal anatomy in efforts to better understand their subjects (6). † These artists enjoyed the patronage of the wealthy, but they were not granted complete artistic freedom. Even though humanism was at its peak, the theme of the arts still leaned towards religion (Noble 6). The artists could only manifest freedom in terms of style and technique. The artistic pioneers of that time included Giotto di Bondone, Massacio, Lorenzo Ghiberti and Donatello. Giotto was the first important artist; it was his study of nature that rendered realistic facial expressions in his paintings (Noble 6), which served as the benchmark for the periods realistic techniques. Massacio is known for his Bible-inspired work, The Tribute Money. Ghiberti was the leading name in architecture; he designed and sculpted bronze doors, which was embellished with scenes from the Bible, for the Baptistry (Noble 6). In terms of sculpture, Donatello was the most important artist. He was responsible for David, â€Å"the first freestanding nude figure sculpted since the Roman era (Noble 6). † â€Å"If the early Renaissance artists paved the way for new techniques and styles in creating arts, it was the High Renaissance artists who mastered these said techniques (Noble 7),† bringing the creation of art to new heights. There might have been an improvement in method, but the subject matter remains the same. The arts of the High Renaissance was still controlled by the Church. However, the works of Leonardo began to manifest a strong leaning toward extreme humanism, which marked the beginning of change (Noble 7). In the High Renaissance, there were three dominant artists: Leonardo da Vinci, Michaelangelo Buonarroti and Raphael. Da Vincis works include the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper and Lady with an Ermine (â€Å"Artcyclopedia† 1). Michaelangelo, on the other hand, is famous for the artwork in the Sistine Chapel (â€Å"Artcyclopedia† 2). Raphael were responsible for such paintings as Saint George and the Dragon, and The Small Cowper Madonna (â€Å"Artcyclopedia† 3). In conclusion, the early Renaissance and High Renaissance only differed in two points: first, they occurred in different locations; second, while the early Renaissance artists created the techniques, the High Renaissance artists perfected them. Moreover, the two phases shared a similarity: the theme of religion despite the humanistic atmosphere. Works Cited Artcyclopedia. 2007. 17 Dec. 2007 http://www. artcyclopedia. com/history/high-renaissance. html. Noble, Matt. Sparknote on Italian Renaissance (1330-1550). 2006. SparkNotes LLC. 17 Dec. 2007 http://www. sparknotes. com/history/european/renaissance1/.

Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member Essay -- Biography B

Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member    "Where I came from, in order to be down you had to be 'in'" (Shakur, 226). This quote, taken from Sanyika Shakur's (aka Monster Kody Scott) Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member relates the mind set of those growing up the concrete jungle of South Central L.A. This powerful account of the triumph of the human spirit over insurmountable odds brings the reader into the daily battles for survival. His story starts at the beginning of his gang life (being initiated at age 11), moves through his teen years (mostly spent in various correctional facilities) and ends up with his transformation in a member of the New Afrikan Independence Movement.    When Kody Scott was 6 years old, the gang wars started in Los Angeles. It started out as a battle between the Crips and the Bloods, but by the late 70's and continuing today, the biggest killer of Crips is other Crips. The Crip Nation was divided into different divisions, which Monster compares to the U.S. Army. "For instance, one who is in the army may belong to the F... Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member Essay -- Biography B Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member    "Where I came from, in order to be down you had to be 'in'" (Shakur, 226). This quote, taken from Sanyika Shakur's (aka Monster Kody Scott) Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member relates the mind set of those growing up the concrete jungle of South Central L.A. This powerful account of the triumph of the human spirit over insurmountable odds brings the reader into the daily battles for survival. His story starts at the beginning of his gang life (being initiated at age 11), moves through his teen years (mostly spent in various correctional facilities) and ends up with his transformation in a member of the New Afrikan Independence Movement.    When Kody Scott was 6 years old, the gang wars started in Los Angeles. It started out as a battle between the Crips and the Bloods, but by the late 70's and continuing today, the biggest killer of Crips is other Crips. The Crip Nation was divided into different divisions, which Monster compares to the U.S. Army. "For instance, one who is in the army may belong to the F...

deer :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fur of the whitetail deer is a grayish color in the winter then more red comes out during the summer. Only the bucks have antlers. Young males begin to grow their antlers in the spring, then towards the fall the skin on their antlers begins to deteriorate. The velvet is very itchy and the young male will rub its new antlers on anything possible. The average height of the deer is between 3 – 3.5 ft. Their tail length is about 30 cm. in length. Their weight ranges from 100 – 350 pounds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bucks are usually solitary but sometimes they may travel in a small group. Deer usually herd together during winter months to conserve energy. Their territory is usually small depending on the food supply. If there is a good food source in a certain area, the deer will have a smaller home range. More traveling is needed if the food source is less abundant. In eastern forests, buds and twigs of maple, sassafras, poplar, aspen, and birch are consumed, as well as many shrubs. In the desert areas, plants such as huajillo brush, yucca, prickly pear cactus, comal, ratama, and various tough shrubs may be the deer’s main diet components. Conifers are often utilized in winter when other foods are scarce. They are crepuscular animals, feeding mainly from before dawn until several hours after, and again from late afternoon until dusk.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most white-tailed deer mate after their second year, especially males. Females have been found to mate as early as seven months. Bucks are polygamous although they may form an attachment and stay with a single doe for several days or even weeks until she reaches oestrus. Mating occurs from October to December and gestation is approximately 6 and a half months. In her first breeding, a female generally has one fawn, but 2 per litter are born in subse2quent years. Fawns are able to walk at birth and nibble on vegetation only a few days later. They are weaned at approximately six weeks. Life span in the wild is about 10 years, but whitetail deer have lived up to 20 years in captivity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They are able to live in a variety of terrestrial habitats, from the big woods of northern Maine to the deep saw grass and hammock swamps of Florida. They also inhabit farmlands, brushy areas and such desolate areas of the west such as the cactus and thornbrush deserts of southern Texas and Mexico.

What Activities and Hobbies Do You Pursue Outside of Work?

Outside of work, I participate in a variety of activities and hobbies. These activities provide me with the opportunity to learn, take on challenges, and have fun. In addition, I believe my hobbies allow for relaxation and inner growth.I enjoy learning new information through reading, surfing the Internet, watching television, and shopping. From the breaking news in Iraq to the latest gift catalog from World Vision, the Internet has become one of my major resources to get updates on the world. My most recent interest is in learning HTML code to enhance my newly created web page on Aloha Tower Marketplace with flash and graphics.Shopping is another activity that I frequently do outside of work. To most people, shopping is a routine and necessary activity that involves going to the supermarket for dinner, buying a new sweater at Macy’s for the upcoming winter, or picking up the latest Harry Potter book in Barnes & Noble for a nephew’s birthday.To me, however, shopping is a pleasurable activity, as well as a chance to observe market trends. To a marketer for a shopping mall, understanding the competition is very important.I also like to watch stage shows or go to the movies on the weekends. My favorite stage show is â€Å"Once Upon One Time,† a musical written in Pidgin by a local playwright, Lisa Matsumoto. It is a fusion of many famous tales of Hawaiian culture and life.From various shows, I have learned to appreciate the incredible art of theater and recognize the efforts in place to protect Hawaiian culture. I prefer stage shows to movie productions because the stage leaves more to the imagination and the audience can interpret the themes.Along with indoor activities, I like to spend time outdoors when my schedule allows. I regularly challenge my fear of heights by hiking to the peaks of mountains to enjoy the fresh air and terrific scenery. Whether choosing a hobby or a job, my goal is always self-improvement, the same as my goals in life .

Cost Reduction Strategy The WritePass Journal

Cost Reduction Strategy Introduction Cost Reduction Strategy ). Horizontal integration Supermarkets have economies of scope when they offer a variety of products or services that do not comprise the usual basic goods and services available in supermarket stores (Abernathy et al, 2000). Such products and services may include ready cooked meals, financial services (such as retail banking), fuel stations, clothing and furniture, among other diverse provisions through a single service infrastructure, the store. These not only meet today’s busy shopper’s preference for a one-stop shop, but also lead to the provision of a complementary variety of products concentrated on the supermarkets core competence (Hines et al, 2004). This results in the distribution of costs over a wide and diverse range of products resulting in overall savings. The expansion of stores such as Morrisons, Tesco and Sainsbury into various service-provision segments (demand-driven diversification) so as to appeal to the modern consumer illustrates this strategy (Morrisons, 2012). A supermarket chain may also pursue related diversification building upon and extending existing capability, resources or expertise to achieve greater competitiveness. Cost savings are enabled when a business transfers expertise in one business to a new business, as well as in the businesses sharing operational skills and know-how, facilities, equipment or other existing assets including intangible assets such as corporate core competence (Handï ¬ eld and Nichols, 2002). This can be illustrated by the entry of supermarket chains such as Morrisons, Tesco and Sainsbury into the convenience store segment in pursuit of customer preference for smaller stores and small frequent shopping trends. This venture is in order to supplement waning revenues of larger stores (Morrisons, 2012). Outsourcing The progress of the general-purpose technology such as information technology (IT) enables the reduction of market transaction costs which leads to increased capacity for outsourcing (Abernathy et al, 2000). Outsourcing for a supermarket chain may entail contracting suppliers to undertake time-consuming and logistically challenging tasks such as warehousing and distribution, as well as new services such as the ready-cooked food segments. Such a strategy is necessitated if the existing mode of in-house performance of these tasks is more costly than obtaining it through market transactions or some form of long term contractual relationship (Hines et al, 2004). Efficiency is thereby enhanced in the conduct of the supermarket’s core activities, reducing costs associated with outsourced tasks and enhancing potential revenues increases. Product or service redesign Many supermarket chains are seeking to tap into new segments such as the online marketplace not only to meet customer preferences but also to reduce costs associated with its usual processes (Abernathy et al, 2000). In this customers order for product items which are then sent to their stated locations cutting off a number of processes that were hitherto undertaken thereby enabling significant savings. Morrisons, Tesco and Sainsbury, among other supermarket chains are pursuing such new market segments in pursuit of enhanced competitiveness and customer preference (Morrisons, 2012). Airline We consider an airline whose business provides basic services of passenger travel including scheduling, preparation and planning for flights, check-in, actual flight to destinations, and customer service. Pursuit of scope economics, outsourcing and product or service redesign which are the cost reduction methods focused upon in this paper are herein discussed with regard to an airline business. Economies of scope In this regard, vertical and horizontal integration mechanisms are discussed outlining their contribution to cost reduction. Vertical integration Vertical integration for an airline may entail the uptake of activities beyond its usual scope such as ticketing commonly undertaken by local service providers along its supply chain. Progress into such fronts is greatly enhanced by developments in internet technologies which enable customers to book flights, buy and print out tickets online, reducing the need for staff and investment on facilities dedicated to this task (Abernathy et al, 2000). This removes the costs of commissions paid out to the service providers as well as related organizational costs resulting in cost savings and greater efficiency. Horizontal integration To achieve economies of scope and thereby reductions in cost, an airline might venture into the cargo segment, customizing some of its existing planes for this purpose and delegating some staff under its organizational structure to run processes associated with cargo handling and transport. Through this related diversification of operations, the firm is able to build upon or extend its existing capability, resources or areas of expertise to achieve greater competitiveness (Handï ¬ eld and Nichols, 2002). An airline could also pursue mergers or scope acquisitions, to enhance or extend its product portfolio. This is a common trend in the industry with airlines frequently collaborating and coordinating their activities to achieve efficiency gains as well as to widen their geographical markets, reaching to routes across the globe and specific markets served by partner airlines which might not be feasible for it as a single entity (VBA, 2011). It has also become a common trend for airlines to invest in hotels and other facilities in the hospitality industry so as to tap onto an existing demand, as well as to reduce their costs in cases of delays and other unforeseen circumstances which usually result in added costs for the airline. This strategy turns the airlines previous challenges into strengths, as well as providing a revenue stream from related divestiture. Horizontal integration can be illustrated by Virgin airlines in its strategic alliances with Etihad Airways and Delta Air Lines which enhance its reach to the TransPacific Los Angeles route and the Abu Dhabi route, its gateway to Europe, Africa and the Middle East, with the collaboration benefiting all the partner airlines (VBA, 2011). Outsourcing Outsourcing for an airline is undertaken to streamline operations and enhance service quality (Wynstra et al., 2001). Tasks such as aircraft maintenance and ground support, as well as food processing for service on-board are labour-intensive and specialized tasks that can be outsourced if costs of contracting them are favourable. This would enable the airline to enhance focus on customer service and operations related to flight reducing overheads and other cost requirements. An example is Navitaire, a service supplier for airlines, which offers an extensive global distribution suite enabling low-cost reservations which has enabled the improvement of profitability especially among the low-cost airlines using the service, lower operational and distribution costs   and generation of ancillary revenues (Abernathy et al, 2000). Product/service redesign To enhanced service offerings in the competitive business environment and, as well, to rein in on rising costs, it is incumbent upon airline companies to conduct frequent network reviews, fleet realignments, operational integration so as to ensure that they remain profitable, effective and efficient in their processes. The company in the redesign and realignment should be bold enough to undertake thought-out exit from the non-profitable routes lowering its liabilities and costs. An example is Virgin Australia’s endeavour at restructuring in 2011 following its poor performance evident in its 2010 financial results (VBA, 2011). Conclusion For sustainability, the aim of the cost-cutting strategy is to maximize efficiency without compromising growth potential. To achieve this, companies need to identify core competencies upon which focus is enhanced and efficiency improved, with the non-core functions being trimmed and consolidated to achieve reduction in unnecessary costs (Hines et al, 2004). Such savings can be reinvested in critical assets, enhancing core competencies and thereby improving overall efficiency. References Abernathy, F., J., Dunlop, and J., Hammond, 2000. â€Å"Retailing and supply chains in the information age.† In: Technology in Society, Vol. 22, pp. 5-31. Campbell, A., 1992. Building Core Skills. In: Andrew Campbell and Kathleen Luchs: Strategic Synergy. London: Butterworth Heinemann. Handï ¬ eld, R., and E., Nichols, 2002. Supply Chain Redesign: Transforming Supply Chains into Integrated Value Systems. Financial Times. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Hill, M., R., Ireland, and R.., Hoskisson, 2001. Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization. Fourth Edition. South-Western College Publishing, Hines, P., M., Holweg, and N., Rich, 2004. â€Å"Learning to evolve: a review of contemporary lean thinking.† In: International Journal of Operations Production Management, Vol. 24 No. 10, pp. 994-1012. Morrisons, 2012. Food with thought: Corporate responsibility review 2011/12. Wm Morrisons Supermarkets PLC. Sanchez, R., 2000. â€Å"Modular architectures, knowledge assets and organizational learning: new management processes for product creation.† In: International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 19, No 6. Salvador, F., C., Forza, and M., Rungtusanatham, 2002. â€Å"Modularity, product variety, production volume, and component sourcing: theorizing beyond generic prescriptions.† In: Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 20, pp. 549-75. Silverman, B., 1999. â€Å"Technological resources and the direction of corporate diversification: Toward an integration of the Resource-Based View and Transaction Cost Economics.† In: Management Science, 45 (8), 1109–1124. VBA financial report, 2011. Virgin Australia group of companies. 30th June. Viewed from: virginaustralia.com/au/en/about-us/media/2011/VA-FY11-ASX/ Womack, J., and D., Jones, 2003. Lean Thinking, 2nd ed., Free Press Business, London. Wynstra, F., A., Weele, and M., Weggemann, 2001. â€Å"Managing supplier involvement in product development: three critical issues.† In: European Management Journal, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 157-66. Hampson, , 1999. â€Å"Lean Production and the Toyota Production System: the Case of the Forgotten Production Concepts.† In: Economics and Industrial Democracy, Volume 20: 369-391

Maurice Ravel essays

Maurice Ravel essays Maurice Ravel was born in Ciboure, March 7, 1875. His father's background was Swiss and his mothers was Basque, but he was brought up in Paris. Here he studied at the Conservatoire from approximately 1889 to 1895, returning in 1897 to study further with Faure and Gedalge. Ravel never married, but he did have several long-running relationships. He was also known to frequent the bordellos of Paris. During his schooling in Paris, Ravel joined with a number of innovative young composers who referred to themselves as the "Apaches" because of their wild abandon. The group was well known for its drunken revelry. In 1893, he met Chabrier and Satie, both who were influential to his future career as a musician. Ravel was also highly influenced from music around the world including American Jazz, Asian music, and traditional folk songs from across Europe. Ravel was not religious and was probably an atheist. He disliked the openly religious themes of other composers, such as Wagner, and instead preferred to look to classical mythology for inspiration. A decade later he was a well-known composer, at least of songs and piano pieces, working with great care he could imitate a composer such as Lisztian bravura, or a style like Renaissance calm. During the next decade, when he was in his thirties, he was producing most of his works. There was a rivalry with Debussy and some arguments about priority in musical discoveries, but Ravel's taste in music was clearly different from any other composers work, as well as the grand virtuosity of much of his piano music from this period. Many of Ravels works were known to show his fascination with things temporally or geographically distant, or the imagination of childhood, as in Ma mre l'oye. "From childhood he had a particular liking for minute objects, miniatures, the tiny world of figurines, little things that worked by clockwork, mechanical birds 'whose hea ...

Definition of the Ability to Pay Principle

Definition of the Ability to Pay Principle Definition: The ability to pay principle is the widely held view that the amount of taxes someone pays should increase as their income increases. Terms related to The Ability to Pay Principle: Progressive Tax About.Com Resources on The Ability to Pay Principle: Should Income Tax Rates Depend on Lifetime Earnings?Are Sales Taxes More Regressive Than Income Taxes?Do Richer People Pay a Higher Proportion of Tax Under a Flat Tax? Writing a Term Paper? Here are a few starting points for research on The Ability to Pay Principle: Books on The Ability to Pay Principle: Federal Taxation - Basic Principles Journal Articles on The Ability to Pay Principle: Ability-to-Pay Taxation as Discriminatory Pricing of Government ServicesA Re-Examination of the Use of Ability to Pay Taxes by Local GovernmentsThe Welfare Cost of Capital Income Taxation

Othello research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Othello research paper - Essay Example He knows that Roderigo can give him money in exchange for his schemes and friendship. Having seen the other person’s weakness, he maximizes on it for his own devious ends. In addition, he hates Othello for picking Cassio as his lieutenant (I.i. 7–32), so that he promises himself that he will not let this unfair treatment go unnoticed. He plans to take his revenge by telling Othello that Cassio is sleeping with Desdemona (I.iii.369–370) and proves it through the aid of his wife Emilia and his other innocent â€Å"subjects†. In Act 2, Iago begins to suspect that Cassio has a hidden desire for Desdemona because he praises her and Iago finds it as a means to his advantage. Because he knows that Roderigo will do anything just to win Desdemona, he convinces him that if he kills Cassio then he will have Desdemona, and Iago will take Cassio’s place as Othello’s lieutenant. It appears that Iago has become so engrossed in his plans that his imaginations have been confused in his own mind to be reality. Having been motivated by the urgency of his desire for revenge, he boldly plans to tell Othello that Desdemona and Cassio are having an affair so that Othello will discharge Cassio and appoint him as replacement for Cassio as lieutenant (II.i.286). Iago’s schemes spare nobody who comes against his plans. He even discredits Cassio to Montano who has high regard of Cassio’s abilities and character. So when Roderigo attacks Cassio, Montano is also wounded. Iago appears gentle to Roderigo as he comforts him after the fight, the latter being unaware that he is just being used to achieve Iago’s personal and vested interests. To make matters worst, he uses his wife to let Desdemona and Cassio meet so that the meeting will appear to be a proof of Desdemona’s infidelity to Othello (II.iii.310). Act 3 shows that Iago uses and performs well as a good actor that Othello does not suspect his true intentions and feelings as he pretends shock

Symbolic Use of Nature and Wildlife Imagery in Tortilla Curtain Essay

Symbolic Use of Nature and Wildlife Imagery in Tortilla Curtain - Essay Example Coyotes and Other Animals Dominant symbols of wildlife and the environment are inherent right through the book. The symbol of the coyote to be precise is high-flying as is connected to the immigrants of Mexico. Delaney portrays these extremes very notably in the "Pilgrim at Topanga Canyon" article featured in the book, but they are common figures in the entire narrative, such as in the manner that the coyotes level the Mossbacher’s hedge to hound the dogs. This can be attributes to the fact that the Mexican immigrants trounced the obstacles at the border in an endeavor of making both ends meet in the United States of America. Delaney has a thing for coyotes, something that is corresponding to other residents in his community, shows his attraction with wildlife, outgoing nature of the immigrants. On one hand, the hated immigrants pose a measure of fright to other residents; on the other hand they are interesting and are always talked about by other residents. They are even cont racted to do all forms of work. In the same context as residents in the area go to the extent of even putting out foodstuffs for the coyotes, they also attend the work exchange to take the services of these illegitimate immigrants that they hate dearly for exceptionally low salaries. This is reference to Jim Shirley’s action of employing America. He brought her to the house, touched her in an unceremonious manner, while on the contrary, he spreads tales of the unlawful, evil and terrific crimes that transpire at these immigrants hands. Different animals are mentioned and appeared in the book holding relevant and symbolic meanings just like the coyote. For instance, there are many instances that replies like horned lizards, animals that when threatened fire blood out of their eyes, are associated with people like Jack Jardine and Jack Cherrystone. A more stressing factor is the manner that Delaney and Kyra are so involved into these animals. Kyra is tempered when she sees a do g being caged in the blazing heat. It was Delaney’s task was writing about the animals he saw. This interest explains further, the attraction that the Mossbachers and other White Americans with the wilderness and other untamed animals. The making of factual walls is not an unknown subject in the novel. Just from the beginning, hullaballoo is raised concerning the construction of the first gate and the n Arroyo Blanco’s wall. The whole novel then revolves on the aspect of the immigrants getting over the â€Å"wall† of the border separating Mexico and the United States. The factual wall appears in a number of incidents in the story. The coyotes must jump over the Mossbachers’ fence for them to get hold of the dogs. They are able to accomplish this with technique and cunningness just like the manner in which the immigrants went over the wall at the border. The canyon wall is also an important one that segregates Candido and America from protection and well-b eing of the white Americans and their lifestyle. The wall is used to resist interaction between the two diverse cultures. In the novel, it is exceptionally rare to come by a conversation between the two asides. Just from childhood, Candido had been raised knowing to build a â€Å"wall† between other people and himself when things have hit the rocks. The walls have a number of tasks to serve:

The firsts in your life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The firsts in your life - Essay Example There were a total of nine participants including me in the course. As far as the theoretical parts go they were easy. A total of seven hours of theoretical teaching lead in the culmination of an exam in which the minimum pass percentage was cent percent. That means anyone wishing to pursue skydiving further than theory was supposed to obtain a score of 100 out 100. Eventually the day arrived. In the dressing room we put on our diving overalls, parachutes, altimeters (gadget that keeps track of the altitude), helmets, gloves and goggles. Last minute reminders, tips, tricks, prayers in short there was a general buzz of excitement around; an excitement that reverberated with a tingling sensation in my spine. All the divers queued up and boarded a twin otter double engine aircraft. The aircraft taxi, takeoff, and eventual ascension to nearly 12,000 feet seemed something irrelevant compared what was coming. "Of course who can force me to jump if I don't want to" that was the thought running in mind during the time of the flight. It's odd how some silly reasoning like not wanting to disappoint your instructor could be a factor in one's resolve when death seems more than just a possibility, but it did. Finally when the plane reached approximately 12,500 feet the rear ramp was opened. In an instant my goggles smoked up, after the smoke cleared I was shocked to see the plane empty of the sky-divers. The only ones left behind were instructors and jump facilitators, all with a brooding grin on their faces. It was my moment of truth, no excuses. Those few seconds, my toes peeping over the edge of the plane, all I heard was my instructors command, "Now!", and I jumped. With the earth nearly twelv e thousand five hundred feet below, those few seconds became the defining moment of my life. (Skydiving.com) The first few seconds, I had a sense of falling, and falling fast. Those initial few seconds nearly took the life right out of me quite literally as during the first few seconds (till one is stabilized) breathing is strained. Suddenly everything became peaceful, calm, as if one was falling through emptiness into oblivion. The speed and that sense of falling were gone; replaced by what some would call weightlessness; I was floating for all I could say. Keeping an eye on the altimeter which showed nearly 6,000 feet (meaning I had dived nearly half the distance) I braced for opening the parachute. At soon as the altimeter crossed the 5,500 mark I pulled the ripcord. The parachute ballooned without any problems. The great anti-force slowed me with a jolt. The canopy flight, of course, was to take more time than the free fall. This was when I began getting a good look at my surroundings; the view was simply breath-taking. (Skydiving.com) Ever heard the word "On top of the world" I'm sure it refers to the sky-diving experience and nothing else. After taking in the scenery for a while it was time to get the bearings right for the landing. The tension mounted again as I neared the landing area, piercing the clouds. But maneuvering the chute proved to be easier than I considered it to be. Eventually I landed,

Stress and the Neuroendocrine Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stress and the Neuroendocrine Response - Essay Example Prolonged stress tends to impair the learning and memory ability of individuals, which is as a result of reduction or loss of the hippocampal volume. Chronic stress also impacts on the level of dopamine released, which blunts an individuals capacity for pleasure, and increases anxiety facilitating poor decision making (Amara & Kuhar, 1993). Â  Short-term stress in this article is described as stimulation. Transient and moderate stress that leave individuals feeling good. The effect of short-term stress on the brain is the increased activity of the cells in the hippocampus, the region responsible for learning and memory. Another effect of the stimulation has increased the release of dopamine, the neurotransmitter central to pleasure, hence the feel-good effect. Â  The hippocampus is a small region of the brain that is associated with learning, memory, and spatial navigation. It is placed in the middle of the temporal lobe just below the cortical surface. It is structured into two halves, lying on the right and left sides of the brain and has a curved shape. The hippocampus is associated with the formation of long-term memories and three-dimensional space navigation. The impairment of the region can cause memory loss. Hippocampal neurogenesis shows that production of new cells in the brain follows a procedure. During which, newborn cells have acquiesced to regulatory factors which influence cell proliferation, maturation, and survival. Situational and dispositional factors have the ability to control neurogenesis and impact on the hippocampal reliant learning and memory (Freund & Buzsaki, 1996).

The Case of ServerVault Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The of ServerVault - Case Study Example This means that the company chooses customers who value security and reliability heavily in their selection of hosting provider, having the motto, 'reliable, secure and wicked fast". ServerVault claims to offer much higher level of services than the other group at the 'managed" hosting group, having seven layers of security protection which passed the U.S Department of Defense Security Standard and it's vaults are especially designed to be able to withstand the most destructive forces of nature. It's promise of reliability and speed is backed up by redundant bandwith and power supply having four to five providers of internet access in each facility. The company rakes revenue from three sources: one-time set up for new servers, monthly hosting fees and fees for additional value-added service. ServerVault enjoys the advantage of having a facility designed to generate four or five times more revenue per square foot than those of its competitors. Being in an industry where business costs occurred mainly upfront and being young in the business, ServerVault faces a deep need for financing.

Stress and the Neuroendocrine Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stress and the Neuroendocrine Response - Essay Example Prolonged stress tends to impair the learning and memory ability of individuals, which is as a result of reduction or loss of the hippocampal volume. Chronic stress also impacts on the level of dopamine released, which blunts an individuals capacity for pleasure, and increases anxiety facilitating poor decision making (Amara & Kuhar, 1993). Â  Short-term stress in this article is described as stimulation. Transient and moderate stress that leave individuals feeling good. The effect of short-term stress on the brain is the increased activity of the cells in the hippocampus, the region responsible for learning and memory. Another effect of the stimulation has increased the release of dopamine, the neurotransmitter central to pleasure, hence the feel-good effect. Â  The hippocampus is a small region of the brain that is associated with learning, memory, and spatial navigation. It is placed in the middle of the temporal lobe just below the cortical surface. It is structured into two halves, lying on the right and left sides of the brain and has a curved shape. The hippocampus is associated with the formation of long-term memories and three-dimensional space navigation. The impairment of the region can cause memory loss. Hippocampal neurogenesis shows that production of new cells in the brain follows a procedure. During which, newborn cells have acquiesced to regulatory factors which influence cell proliferation, maturation, and survival. Situational and dispositional factors have the ability to control neurogenesis and impact on the hippocampal reliant learning and memory (Freund & Buzsaki, 1996).

Casa study of Computer Driven Trading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Casa study of Computer Driven Trading - Essay Example By eradicating many technical, geographic, and cost barriers impeding the comprehensive flow of information, the Internet is increasing the speed of information revolution, exciting new uses of information technology and latest business models (Loudon, 1998). Since the year 1970s, stock broking dealings have been electronic, getting rid of need for a physical marketplace where purchasers and retailers confer (Rob, 2007). Computer driven trading is also recognized as algorithmic trading is an expansion of that development and employs computer programs to give orders by means of the algorithm making a decision for the timing, cost and still amount of the orders. It financial records for approximately 40 percent of all United Kingdom share dealings (McDowall, 2005). Computer driven trading is the exercise of computer programs for entering business dealing orders by means of the computer algorithm making an assessment on certain features of the order for instance the price, timing or still the closing amount of the orders. It is extensively utilized through evade pension funds, funds, joint funds, and additional institutional dealers to separated up a huge trade into a number of minor trades in order to administer marketplace impact, prospect price, and risk1. It is as well utilized through hedge resources and comparable dealers to put together the choices to start orders supported on information that is established electronically, previous to human traders are still conscious of the information. How it is used? Computer driven trading can be utilized by means of investment policy, comprising marketplace making, arbitrage, inter-market dispersion, or pure speculation (comprising tendency following). The savings assessment and implementation may possibly be increased at any phase by means of algorithmic support or may function totally automatically (Rob, 2007). Where it is implemented? In year 2006 at the London Stock Exchange, more than

Innovation Definition Essay Example for Free

Innovation Definition Essay Innovation is about bringing ideas into life. Innovation is linked to performance and growth through improvements in efficiency, productivity, quality, competitive positioning and market share. Innovation takes place at different levels from modest improvements on an existing product or process to dramatic and even historically significant breakthroughs in how we relate to the world. In all cases, the capacity to innovate will be a function of our commitments, what we want to accomplish and our relationship with the circumstances we perceive we are in. If we are resisting or coping, we see no innovation and whatever change we generate will be as a reaction to the circumstances and part of the process by which those circumstances persist. When we are responding or choosing we are in a position to innovate and will do so naturally and consistently as a function of what we observe to be possible or what we observe is missing in our perspective of the world.Change based on this view is likely to be an improvement on what already exists. INNOVATION AND PERFORMANCE A successful organisation that turns its focus to innovation is looking for achievements. Innovation shows up in the quality and quantity of ideas and the efficiency and effectiveness of implementation of those ideas. These two parameters are independent, however, when combined they form the definition of innovation performance. IMPORTANCE Innovation is not only about technology, but is also about understanding and exploring untapped user needs that require to be addressed in an efficient manner. It must occur at every stage of a product or solution development and release cycle. Thus, managing innovation is fast becoming priority in a global business environment. Firms which innovate tends to survive and grow to a greater extent. The most successful individuals, managers and team leaders in latest business world are the ones who are not only innovative in their own work, but who encourage and assist others to be innovative in every aspect of their work. Some of the key innovation areas are: product development and improvement; manufacturing processes; creating entirely new set of products; etc. In area of supply chain management, innovations help in making the supply chain more responsive, flexible and efficient. Supply chain innovation can be used to reduce costs, offer better assortment of customer centric products, decreasing time to market and driving growth. INNOVATION SYSTEM The concept of the innovation system stresses that the flow of technology and information among people, enterprises and institutions is key to an innovative process. It contains the interaction between the actors who are needed in order to turn an idea into a process, product or service on the market. Systems of Innovation are frameworks for understanding innovation which have become popular particularly among policy makers and innovation researchers first in Europe, but now anywhere in the world as in the 90s the World Bank and other UN affiliated institutions accepted. BENEFITS OF INNOVATION Technology has a vital role to play in any modern workplace and can make a huge difference to the way your business operates, and how well your staff carry out their tasks. These days, an online presence is also expected by customers and therefore is an essential component for businesses. In order to understand whether a new technology could help your business, you should review the technology you are presently using and assess how well existing systems work with your current and future business requirements. INNOVATION TYPES A number of frameworks have been used to look at types of innovation. Generally these approaches for categorizing innovation consider the sources of innovation from past successes or attempt to identify where to look for new innovation in the future. The variety of innovation types demonstrates that the benefits of innovation are not limited to new product development. Categorization also helps in the measurement of innovation, allowing for performance comparison and evidence based choices that can guide where improvements or advances might generate the most return for a given investment. This is sometimes referred to as the Return On Innovation. The ‘4Ps’ model developed by John Bessant and Joe Tidd provide a powerful tool for such analysis. It builds on the hypothesis that successful innovation is essentially about positive change, and puts forward four broad categories where such change can take place. Product innovation’ – changes in the things (products/services) which an organisation offers. Process innovation’ – changes in the ways in which products and services are created or delivered Position innovation’ – changes in the context in which the products/services are framed and communicated Paradigm innovation’ – changes in the underlying mental models which shape what the organisation does.

Class on Genres in Literature

Class on Genres in Literature CAMBRIDGE LESSON 6 Focus of the lesson: Writing in different genres and registers Write in different voices and viewpoints Improve style and accuracy This session will help you develop essential writing skills for the written section of your paper where you are expected to write creatively GENRE To be clear about the type of writing you are aiming for, you need to identify and understand four key areas genre, audience, purpose and style. Make these part of your planning when you start to write a non-fiction text. Genre, audience, purpose and style or GAPS! With each piece of writing you will be tested on your understanding of genre, audience, purpose and style, so you need to be clear about the kind of writing you are aiming for who exactly are you writing for and what you are trying to tell them? For example, your text might be trying to: change someones opinion encourage someone to do something in particular make sure your audience knows and understands something The examiner wants to see that you can adapt the way you write to meet different genres, audiences and purposes. Identifying GAPS When it comes to the writing tasks in the exam, your first step is to clearly identify: the genre what type of text should you be writing, eg a magazine article the audience who will be reading your text, eg teenagers the purpose of your text, e.g. to convince people to do more sport your chosen writing style, e.g. informal Make notes on these four areas and use them to help plan your writing. Show that you understand how each of these will persuade the examiner to give you marks. EXAMPLES Common genres: fiction Classic fiction that has become part of an accepted literary canon, widely taught in schools Crime/detective fiction about a crime, how the criminal gets caught, and the repercussions of the crime Fable narration demonstrating a useful truth, especially in which animals speak as humans; legendary, supernatural tale Fairy tale story about fairies or other magical creatures Fan fiction fiction written by a fan of, and featuring characters from, a particular TV seriesxs, movie, or book Fantasy fiction with strange or otherworldly settings or characters; fiction which invites suspension of reality Fiction in verse full-length novels with plot, subplot(s), theme(s), major and minor characters, in which the narrative is presented in verse form (usually free verse) Fiction narrative literary works whose content is produced by the imagination and is not necessarily based on fact Folklore the songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a people or folk as handed down by word of mouth Historical fiction story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting Horror fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread and sometimes fear in both the characters and the reader Humour Usually a fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement, meant to entertain and sometimes cause intended laughter; but can be contained in all genres Legend story, sometimes of a national or folk hero, that has a basis in fact but also includes imaginative material Magical realism story where magical or unreal elements play a natural part in an otherwise realistic environment Meta fiction also known as romantic irony in the context of Romantic works of literature, uses self-reference to draw attention to itself as a work of art, while exposing the truth of a story Mystery this is fiction dealing with the solution of a crime or the unravelling of secrets Mythology legend or traditional narrative, often based in part on historical events, that reveals human behaviour and natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to the actions of the gods Mythopoeia fiction in which characters from religious mythology, traditional myths, folklore and history are recast into a re-imagined realm created by the author Picture book picture storybook is a book with very little words and a lot of pictures, picture stories are usually for little kids Realistic fiction story that is true to life Science fiction story based on impact of actual, imagined, or potential science, usually set in the future or on other planets Short story fiction of such brevity that it supports no subplots Suspense/thriller fiction about harm about to befall a person or group and the attempts made to evade the harm Tall tale humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the impossible with nonchalance Western set in the American Old West frontier and typically set in the late eighteenth to late nineteenth century Common genres: nonfiction Biography/autobiography narrative of a persons life; a true story about a real person Essay a short literary composition that reflects the authors outlook or point. Journalism reporting on news and current events Lab Report a report of an experiment Memoir factual story that focuses on a significant relationship between the writer and a person, place, or object; reads like a short novel Narrative nonfiction/personal narrative factual information about a significant event presented in a format which tells a story Reference book such as a dictionary, thesaurus, encyclopaedia, almanac, or atlas Self-help book information with the intention of instructing readers on solving personal problems. Speech public address or discourse Textbook authoritative and detailed factual description of a topic. ACTIVITY 1 Class discussion on identifying genres. By identifying the genre, the reader is able to identify what type of effect the writer is going for and can help when discussing themes. WRITING IN DIFFERENT VOICES AND VIEWPOINTS Narrative writing is the most traditional form of creative writing: its telling a story. The trick to getting high marks is not to tell a story in the traditional way. Think about interesting ways to tackle the different aspects of the narrative. Who is telling the story? Is it first person? Is someone in the story telling the reader directly? In these kinds of narratives the narrator might be the main character or it might be someone who is very minor. Imagine the story of Cinderella told from the point of view of the mouse who gets turned into her footman. Hed have a very different view of the story and what would life be like after hes turned back into a mouse. If the narrator is a specific character, that character needs to be reflected in the way the story gets told the comments or asides which they make to the reader might show who they really are. Perhaps the narrator in the example above would keep making comments about cheese. If its someone unexpected then keeping that quiet for a while can lead to an effective ending. Are you an all-knowing narrator? The story is told in the third person, but the narrator might need to tell the audience what the characters are thinking. Or perhaps there is a secret in the characters past which the reader needs to know to understand whats going on. Or, is the narration limited to what a single observer can see? This works well for stories which are shrouded in mystery, or follow a small event in detail. Twist in the tale stories need these kinds of limits. The person who is supposed to be telling the story will determine the voice you write in. If the narrator is someone serious, the tone will be serious. If the narrator is a bit of a joker, the tone will be more informal. Dont tell the reader about the narrator directly let the way you write do it for you. Plot is what turns a list of events into a story. Its the connection between different events that show cause and effect. Make sure that events in your story happen for a reason, and that they affect the characters. ACTIVITY 2 Exercise: pick a word at random. Give yourself two minutes to think of as many different possible stories related to that word as possible the more creatively you use the word the better. Lost, for example, might be a story about getting lost in a wood, or losing a game, or a story set in a lost property office. Or maybe someone has lost something which is very important to them but the reader doesnt understand why its so important until the very end of the story. The plot is why its important, how it got lost, and why its needed now. ORDER The order in which you tell the story is important. It might seem natural to tell a story from beginning to end but mixing up the chronology or timeline of a story is a good way to make it more interesting. It still needs to make sense, but it doesnt have to be in order. Some different possibilities are telling the story in flashback, starting from the most dramatic point and then explaining how everyone got there. Or you might want to start at the end and work your way back to the beginning. Starting in the middle of the action is a good way to capture the interest of the reader. In the exam, make a quick bullet point plan of the plot and then write numbers next to the bullet points to remind yourself what order youre going to write them in. Because creative writing assessments are quite short, its best not to get too complicated with plot or ordering one twist is enough, or one change to the chronology. Characters In a short story you dont have time to include a lot of characters- one or two main characters is enough. You can include some other minor characters if you need them to make the plot work, but not too many. Only give names to major characters it will help the reader to work out who matters enough to remember. Make each character distinctive. Think of one characteristic physical or personal which summarises them. In your planning, note down each character and their unique identifying point, with two or three different ways of referring to it. Referring to the same thing in different ways reinforces the character and it adds cohesion to the whole story. When you check through your work make sure that each character talks in the way youd expect them to. If youve got a member of the royal family in your story, they wont talk like you and your friends. Whos talking?: Dunno, shurrup. Werent me. Im not entirely sure. Could you perhaps repeat yourself? An unusual setting can be a way to make a narrative really interesting. Changing the setting can make a story out of something every day. There are some events listed below. First think where they normally occur, and then choose somewhere completely different to produce an interesting story idea. ACTIVITY 3 EVENT NORMAL SETTING UNSUSUAL SETTING Football game Wedding Lessons Sleeping Listening to music Teaching a class Barbecue Dont forget to use your usual toolkit of effective writing techniques. Vary your sentences for effect long ones to build suspense, and short ones to provide punch lines. Use a variety of punctuation. You should make sure that you include some literary devices but only where they have effect. A metaphor or a simile is a great way of creating an image for the reader, but it needs to be appropriate. Pick a simile which emphasises an important characteristic, or an important plot point. If a main character is cross, then perhaps his face looked like a raincloud. Try to avoid using clichà ©s. Dont use metaphors which dont support the effect you are aiming for. Choose the words you use carefully, to create an impact on the reader. Adjectives can tell us a lot about a character, but use too many and they lose strength. Even when writing prose you can use techniques like onomatopoeia (words that sound like their meaning) or alliteration (repetition of the same sound) to create an effect. Dont forget to check that youve got the basics right -capitals, full stops and spelling. There is no point in using advanced techniques if you forget the basics you wont get full credit when it comes to being marked. At least a third of the marks for writing go to accurate sentences, varied for effect. Remember: USE GOOD ENGLISH, ALWAYS CHECK FOR ERRORS AND USING CORRECT PUNCTUATION

Affirmative Action Essay -- Affirmative Action Essays

Affirmative action- a plan to offset past discrimination in employing or educating women, blacks etc. (Websters New World Dictionary.) The history of affirmative action has its roots in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and stems from the United States Supreme case of Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas. In 1965, President Linden B. Johnson issued Executive Order #11246 at Howard University that required federal contractors to undertake affirmative action to increase the number of minorities that they employ. President Johnson wanted to ensure that minorities were recruited to have real opportunities to be hired and then eventually get a promotion. (Internet www.sru.edu) In 1969, the department of Labor exposed widespread racial discrimination of the Construction Department so President Nixon decided to incorporate a system of "goals and timetables" that provided guidelines for companies to follow and comply with affirmative action regulations. During the presidency of Gerald Ford, he extended affirmative action to people with disabilities and Vietnam veterans but there were no goals or timetabl es for these two groups. This type of affirmative action required recruitment efforts, accessibility, accommodation and reviews of physical and mental job qualifications. President Jimmy Carter consolidated all federal agencies that were required by law to follow the affirmative action play into the Depar...

Evidenced Based Practice Essay -- Nursing

Evidenced Based Practice ( EBP) is essential to enable all nurses to provide the most current up to date practises for their patients. This process involves research, systematic review of current practices, critical thinking skills, evaluation and application to clinical practice taking into account patient preferences. It is vital for nurses professional autonomy to be able to justify their actions and demonstrate an understanding of why they perform the tasks they do. This defines them as unique professionals judged by their knowledge and not simply by their hands on skills. As stated by McSherry, Simmons & Pearce (2002); â€Å"Nurses are responsible for the care they provide for their patient. They have to be active, competent and autonomous in providing this care and be able to justify what they do. It is no longer acceptable for nurses to base care on ritual and tradition- they must be able to justify the decision they have made about appropriate care and treatment on the basis of a professional expertise which includes using research evidence to inform practice.† (p.1). One of the best known definitions of evidence based practice is; â€Å"The conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence about the care of individual patients.† (Sackett et al. 1997, as cited in Holland & Rees, 2010, p. 7). Individualised care and research is not a new concept. Florence Nightingale first demonstrated this through her note taking and analysis of data. As a result mortality rates were reduced for medical and surgical patients as hygiene practises were improved. (Schmidt & Brown, 2009). For today’s nurses this transcribes into using the best research knowledge to make clinical decisions that benefits the patient. This involves q... ...J .V., & Smyth, R.L. (Eds.). The evidenced- based practice manual for nurses. Sydney, NSW: Churchill Livingstone. Polit, D.F., & Beck, C.T. (2010). Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice. (7th ed.). Philadelphia, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Rees, C. (2010). Understanding evidence and its utilization in nursing practice. In Holland, K., & Rees, C. (Eds.). Nursing: Evidence-based practise skills. New York: Oxford University Press. Schmidt, N.A., & Brown, J.M. (2009). Evidence-based practice for nurses: Appraisal and application of research: Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Stillwell, S.B., Fineout-Overholt, E., Melnyk, B.M. & Williamson, K. M. (2010). Evidence- Based Practice Step by Step: Asking the clinical question: A key step in evidence- based practice. American Journal of Nursing, 110(3),58-61.

Development of an Equation Essay

Purpose: Investigate a chemical reaction using lab procedures and observations. Then, find a pattern of reactivity and explain the findings using a chemical equation and particle diagram. Procedure: Refer to: Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University. â€Å"Development of an Equation.† General Chemistry 1210 Laboratory Manual. Vol. 2013-2014. Plymouth: Hayden-McNeil. 32-35. Data/Results: Part A: In the potassium iodide solution, I think there were potassium atoms as well as iodine atoms. In the lead nitrate solution, I think there were lead and nitrate ions. The potassium atoms and the lead atoms can be classified as cations, since they are metals. The iodine atoms and the nitrate ion can be classified as anions since they are nonmetals. Upon mixing, the solution turned into a cloudy yellow color. Evidence that a chemical reaction occurred was that the two solutions created a new color because the two solutions were originally colorless. There was no gas formed. Part B: (Testing the Anions) Iodide reaction with hydrogen peroxide observations- The precipitate at the bottom turned into a red solid and the liquid solution was a dirty yellow color. Nitrate reaction with hydrogen peroxide observations- A colorless precipitate formed at the bottom and looked like a bubble. It was a relatively large bubble. The liquid solution was colorless and cloudy/fizzy. Since the reaction resulted in some fizzing and bubbles, this is indication that a gas was formed. (Testing the Cations) Potassium reaction with thioacetamide observations – No reaction occurred. Lead reaction with thioacetamide observations – A violet-black precipitate formed at the bottom of the test tube and the liquid solution was a cloudy grey color. It was about the same size precipitate as the nitrate reaction with hydrogen peroxide. Strong smell from the thioacetamide. Part C: Identification of ions in the precipitate that forms when lead nitrate solution is added to potassium iodide solution. (Testing for Anions) Reaction with hydrogen peroxide observations- A dark red precipitate formed at the bottom of the test tube and the liquid solution was colorless. There was not a large amount of precipitate formed and it sort of smeared along the inside of the test tube. Inferences: What anions are in the precipitate? -iodine (I-) When compared with results from part B to test anions, similar results were found. A dark red precipitate was formed in both. (Testing for cations) Reaction with hydrogen sulfide observations- A small, violet-black precipitate formed at the bottom of the test tube and the liquid solution was grey and cloudy. Inferences: What cations are in the precipitate? – lead (Pb2+) When compared with results from part B to test cations, similar results were found, A violet-black precipitate was formed in both tests. Exchange reaction- Positive potassium started off with negative iodine, and positive lead started off with negative nitrate. Potassium switched to combine with nitrate and lead switched to combine with iodine. Part D: Testing of Precipitate| Observations on Initial Precipitate Formed (relative amount, etc.)| Lead Nitrate: Potassium Iodide Ratio| Tube 1| Powdery, yellow precipitate formed at the bottom. Not very much precipitate. Little to no streaking. Clear liquid solution above precipitate. | 3:1| Tube 2| Powdery, yellow precipitate formed at the bottom. Equal to tube 1. Little to no streaking. Clear liquid solution above precipitate.| 2:1| Tube 3| Powdery, yellow precipitate formed at the bottom. A little more precipitate than tube 1 and 2. Little to no streaking. Clear liquid solution above precipitate.| 1:1| Tube 4| Powdery, yellow precipitate formed at the bottom. Much more than tube 3. Noticeable streaking of precipitate along sides of test tube. Clear liquid solution above precipitate.| 1:2| Tube 5| Powdery, yellow precipitate formed at the bottom. Most precipitate formed out of all test tubes. A lot of streaking of the precipitate along sides of the test tube. Clear liquid solution above precipitate. | 1:3| Testing of Supernatant| Observations| Inferences: Which ions were in the supernatant? List cations and anions.| Tube 1| The solution was clear with lead nitrate, but turned a yellow cloudy color with the potassium iodide. | Pb2+ (lead)-cationsNO3- (nitrate)-anions| Tube 2| The solution was clear with lead nitrate, but turned a yellow cloudy color with the potassium iodide.| Pb2+ (lead)-cationsNO3- (nitrate)-anions| Tube 3| The solution was clear with lead nitrate, but turned a yellow cloudy color with the potassium iodide.| Pb2+ (lead)-cationsNO3- (nitrate)-anions| Tube 4| The solution was clear with both the lead nitrate and the potassium iodide.| Pb2+ (lead)-cationsNO3- (nitrate)-anions| Tube 5| The solution was a little yellow with the lead nitrate, and a little less yellow with the potassium iodide.| K+ (potassium)I- (iodine)| Discussion/Conclusion: In part A, the first step was to obtain 5 drops of potassium iodine and 5 drops of lead nitrate and put them into a test tube and record observations. Then, to test the anions in part B, 5 drops of potassium iodine, 5 drops of nitric, 10 drops of dichloroethane, and 5 drops hydrogen peroxide to a new test tube. Then to a separate test tube, 5 drops of potassium nitrate, 5 drops of nitric acid, 10 drops of dichloroethane, and 5 hydrogen peroxide to a new test tube. Both should be stoppered and shook to produce two distinct layers. To test the cations, 2 test tubes would each get 20 drops of thioacetamide and 2 drops of nitric acid. One would get 5 drops of lead nitrate and the other 5 drops of potassium nitrite. Both test tubes were heated for 5 minutes and observations were recorded. In part C, the sample was used from part A and the test tube was centrifuged, then the clear aqueous layer was removed and discarded and the precipitate was washed with distilled w ater. This process was repeated once more. To test the anions, 5 drops of nitric acid, 10 drops of dichloroethane, and 5 drops of hydrogen peroxide were added to the solid precipitate and the test tube was stoppered and shook. These results were compared to the results from part B. To test for cations, the less colored aqueous layer was transferred to a clean test tube and the leftover layer was discarded. The solution was heated in a water bath until clear. 20 drops of thioacetamide were added, stirred then heated in a water bath and compared to the results from part B. In part D, to determine the ratio of  ions in the precipitate, 5 test tubes were labelled 1-5 and were filled according to table 3.1 on page 34 of the lab manual. The same medicine dropper was used for all drops and the test tubes were stoppered and shook, then centrifuged. The relative amounts and appearance of each precipitate were recorded. To test for potassium of iodide ions in the supernatant, 5 drops of lead nitrate were added to 5 separate test tubes with along with 5 drops from the appropriate test tube solution. The same was done to test for lead or nitrate ions, but potassium iodide was added instead. The perfect ratio for thi s lab was 2 potassium iodides for every lead nitrate. This ratio was found from balancing the equation and from comparing the results from part C to part B to match the observations of the precipitates. The ratio is the molar mass ratio of the balanced equation. The balanced equation was: 2KI(aq)+Pb(NO3)2(aq) 2KNO3(aq)+PbI2(s) and the formula of the precipitate was PbI2(s) based on the observations. In part B, the test for anions resulted in a dark red precipitate which was the iodide solution with hydrogen peroxide. In part C, the same results were found when lead nitrate and potassium iodide were added to hydrogen peroxide, therefore; the anions found were iodide ions because it has a negative 1 charge. In part B to test cations, the precipitate was a violet-black color for the lead solution reaction with thioacetamide. In part C, the same results were found when lead nitrate and potassium iodide were added to hydrogen sulfide. The cations found were lead ions since they have a positive 2 charge. Some inherent errors could have been while extracting the clear aqueous solution, some of the precipitate could have been extracted with the solution and transferred into another test tube. Upon heating, not all of the precipitate dissolved. Some of the drops with the micropipet varied also. The medicine dropper was more precise with the drops. Through this lab, a chemical reaction was used to find the pattern of reactivity which was an exchange reaction. This is known by finding the chemical equation and properly balancing it which is seen above. This lead to the ability to create a particle diagram and the findings of a perfect ratio of lead nitrate to potassium iodide.

Principles of marketing Essay

Explain the various elements of the marketing process. Marketing is the group to everyone is exposed to the marketing daily even when they do not know it and billboards enclosed the nation. These parts explain that an opening into the world market and different aspects and you will pay attention about marketing mix. In future the customers are recognized and place between the cross chains with marketing research and target market and to achieve a particular message to particular customer and also one should have common with direct market. The internet marketing is one of the additional recent trends that many organizations. The solution for a successful marketing effort is maintaining a level of customer liking while at the same time creating a profit for association. The marketing is a concept that it is developing the new marketing. They are also known as four â€Å"P’s†. The important for an association to have a good understanding and every element is main developing a marketing plan. In the marketing mix there are four elements that build up the marketing process. They are: Figure: 1 Price: There are several ways to price a product and have a look at a number of them try to recognize the best strategy in various situations. Such high prices are charge for comfort as cunard cruises, hotel rooms and concorde flights. Figure: 2 Pricing Strategies Matrix The price is charged for products and services and also was located at the artificially low in order to increase market share is known as â€Å"penetration pricing†. The â€Å"economy pricing† is no additions of the low price and cost of marketing and create are reserved at a minimum. This is a charge of a high price for the reason that has a substantial competitive advantage is skimming of price. These are the four main pricing strategies premium, penetration, skimming and economy pricing. Place: The way of distribution comprises a set of institutions which perform all the actions utilised to move a manufactured goods and its title from production to consumption. The element of â€Å"Neil H.Borden’s† marketing mix is known as place. It is the mechanism through which goods and services are moved from the service provider to user or consumer. Product: The product is simply the real physical entity that may be buying and selling. The life cycle is based upon  the biological life cycle and the creation of long period as adult the plant begins to shrink. Promotion: These is one of the four process is promotion and these includes all of tools available to market for marketing communication with Neil H.Borden’s marketing mix and its marketing communications has its own promotions mix is known as promotion. In the easyjet the marketing process it is one of the best successful low cost airlines in the Europe and with achievement of the low cost subsidiary of british airways in 2002 it has became a biggest low cost airline in Europe and it is go beyond rival ryanair to the top position. The case outlines the origin of these easyjet and the major events that occurred in the airline past from its foundation in 1995 and the issues of the business representation and functioning strategies adopted by doing well low cost airli ne and overcome to ready for action and ecological factors. 1(b). Evaluate the benefits and costs of a marketing orientation for the case organisation. The pressure to evaluate non critical costs is a constant in commercial life and the benefits of investing in the marketing among those who have seen the customers. A objective scorecard was often used to evaluate the largely presentation of the cost underestimation and benefit overestimation are major sources. The strategic management affects the entire association by providing direction. Sales management refers to the administration of the personal selling component of an organization’s marketing program. It includes the planning, performance, and control of sales programs, as well as recruiting, preparation, encouraging, and evaluating members of the sales force. The basic role of the sales manager is to develop and manage a selling program that in point of fact contributes to the achievement of the goals of the general organization. The term â€Å"sales manager† may be properly applied to more than a few members of an organization, including marketing executives, managers of field sales forces, district and division managers, and product line sales administrator. This text emphasizes the role of managers that keep an eye on a f ield sales force. 2(a). Describe macro and micro environmental factors which influence marketing decisions. To know the wide range of influence on organisation both the internal and external. There are some of the decisions that have to make relating to these influences in order to keep the association moving ahead in line with administration plans. In this  environment also need to study the impact these may contain on the marketing mix. To do this we need to examine influences that collision on the preparation process, such as: Marketing environment, both macro and micro competition social, cultural, environmental, economic issues. Marketing environment is prepared of all factors and forces that influencing on the marketing, thus these force can be in internal i.e. like departments and the external are like competitors, dealer, economic situation. To know them better, marketing personals separate them in two categories namely macro environment and micro-environment. Let’s have a look at some of the important factors involved in marketing environment. An internal influence is an influence with the intention comes from contained by the industry and can affect the business in a variety of ways. Internal influences can be aspect of the working situation such as a good member of staff helping to do well and improve and member of staff coming up with a new marketing idea.In making decisions, capitalist need to be as fully aware as possible of the fundamental economic location, both in conditions of general economic state of affairs, and in terms of the information of the particular scheme. In order to remain money making, business must be aware of the situation in the particular market in which they operate. They supposed to be fully aware of the costs they are currently incurred, as well as the present and upcoming prices they wait for to be able to charge. A large amount of this information should be presented if records are kept of the past transactions in which the business engage. To be sure it is easier said than done to see how decisions can be made effectively unless records of this sort are kept. Business decision making usually involve choices between option courses of action. These option courses of action are often subject to limit of various types. Alternatives are then estimated, and the decision made. It is usual to then screen or check the definite decision to see whether in fact the results were in line with what was predictable. If not, questions need to be asked. Monitoring can provide useful just around the corner into what went wrong and how to rectify it. Business decisions can cover a large amount of different things. Possible decisions might include: how much of a product to sell how much to charge for a product whether to take over another business whether to close down a business whether to invest in a particular piece of equipment choosing between alternative ways of producing something how much to spend on research and development plus a host of alternatives. External factors that may occur and influence these places on these analyses the external micro and macro environment based upon case study of easyjet and the basis for making planned management decisions using the assumption and proposal. Easyjet factors in macro and micro environment customer profiles are a host of explanation in the responsible for diversify the cover of its external influence that affect internal decisions and presentation in the easyjet. 2(b). Propose segmentation criteria to be used for products in different markets. Market segmentation is the process of classified key groups or segments within the common market that share specific characteristics and consumer way of life. Once the market is broken into segments, companies can develop publicity programs for each segment, focus publicity on one or two segments, new products to appeal to one or more of the segments. Companies often support this technique of market to the one size fits of all mass marketing approach, because it allows them to aim specific groups that might not be achieved by mass marketing agenda. To identify segments, marketers study consumer interests, taste, first choice, and socioeconomic characteristics in order to decide their outline of consumption and how they will react to different marketing approach. The most important information marketers seek consumers purchase particular products but not others. List of seller and straight marketing firms build up some of the key users of market segmentation, even though many other kinds of companies and association use this technique. Market segmentation also called micromarketing make things easier the marketing process, because it allows marketers to give attention to their publicity on groups of consumers who divide major characteristics. Marketers, as a result, can produce specific publicity geared towards specific segments; o therwise marketers have to create very general advertising and expect that it will appeal to a diverse audience. Market segmentation also can be more efficient than traditional marketing techniques such as product separation. For the reason that marketers focus their marketing on particular segments, they can look forward to better results from each segment than they could expect from these consumer groups if delighted as a whole. In these the different segmentation and aiming methods are used in these criteria of an organisations if the monopolist is capable to perfectly segment. Four key criterions are used to evaluate easyJet strategic marketing success. Strong Financial Performance. Shareholder value is ultimately driven by bottom line economic success, which at easyJet has been energy by capacity expansion, cost control and tapping in to highly price sensitive segments of the market. Express Sales growth between 1998 and 2003 revenues grew by a factor of twelve and profits grew by a factor of almost nine. Cash administration with the mindset of an aggressive start-up, easyJet has not paid a payment to date, prefer to retain profits to fund upcoming development. In 2003, the company had enough cash reserves to fund a complete year of operations. Exponential Market Share Growth. 2(c) Choose and explain targeting strategy for the product/service in the case organization. The target market is collection of customers that business has confined to reach the object of the marketing efforts and eventually its merchandise and also a well confined target market is first of aspect to their marketing strategy. A target market and marketing merge variables of product; promo tion and price are the two elements of marketing become one strategy. In a business classes on market strategy regularly ask over for the participants the questions like â€Å"who are the customers for u? Who will buy your products?† and also it assumptions can lead to incorrect pricing and incorrect market strategy and at the end of the day business failure. The majority of small businesses are more successful and we can easily know that there is only a limited number of persons purchase their products. In this easyjet the past case study was taken from e-business and e-commerce management volume. Easyjet has report of target market was reduced in customers but the easyjet have problem with weather. Easyjet has low-cost airline for the people who travels daily. 2(d). Demonstrate how buyer behaviour affects marketing activities in different buying situations. Marketing activities are nothing but how you are going to handle the marketing mix price, product, place, promotion, evidence in order to market product effectively. The different activitie s involved in handling the above talk about comprise the marketing activities.  Consumer Markets and Consumer Buyer Behaviour Learning Goals Define the consumer market and construct a model of consumer buyer behaviour Name the four factors that influence buyer behaviour List and understand the types of buying decision behaviour and stages in the process Describe the adoption and diffusion process for new products Case Study Harley Davidson Building Success Understanding the customers’ emotions and motivation Determining the factors of loyalty. Translating this information to effective advertising Measuring Success Currently 22% of all United states bike sales. Demand above supply Sales doubled in the past 5 years with earnings tripled.Thus, the marketing management seeks to affect the level and nature of demand in companies such as easyjet and dyson achieved success by on the face of it breaking all marketing activities, such as â€Å"buy one and get one free† price than buyer activities starts with a consumer social position and lifestyle. 2(e). Propose new market positioning for a selected product/service. Products that are not the first by being the first to maintain a unique position in the mind the consumer, a firm in actual fact can cut through the noise level of other products. That is, the number one product has twice the market share of number two, which has twice the market share of number three. Ries and Trout argue that the success of a brand is not due to the high level of marketing acumen of the compan y itself, but rather, it is due to the fact that the company was first in the product category. They use the case of Xerox to make this point. Xerox was the first plain-paper copier and was able to sustain its leadership position. However, time after time the company failed in other product categories in which it was not first. For example, Miller Lite was not the first light beer, but it was the first to be positioned as a light beer, complete with a name to support that position. Similarly, Lowenbrau was the most popular German beer sold in America, but Beck’s Beer successfully carved a unique position using the advertising, Consumers rank brands in their minds. If a brand is not number one, then to be successful it somehow must relate itself to the number one brand. A campaign that pretends that the market leader does not exist is likely to fail. Avis tried unsuccessfully for years to win customers, pretending that the number one Hertz did not exist. Finally, it began using the line. 3(a). Explain how products are developed to sustain competitive advantage. This makes the product so it can be brought out into the market  in stages instead of all at once. The product can spin the first time you bring it out to the market. The next time it can not only rotate, but now it can turn over. Even though you have the means to make it do all these things first time you made the product. In this way your customers see it as always improving and getting better instead of getting bored with the product because it was all wrapped up in one big bang. This will also help keep the competitor guessing on what else is to come as a replacement for of buildin g a product. 3(b). Explain how distribution is arranged to provide customer convenience. Customer Satisfaction United Kingdom’s study of help to get and maintain the highest levels of service, ensuring total customer satisfaction and loyalty to company. consult you at every stage of the project, we develop a unique solution to your needs, and by linking our recommended customer satisfaction activities to business objective our in house interviewers are intellectual, experienced qualified who are expert at collecting worthless customer feedback. One of our key strengths, they serve as excellent. ambassadors on behalf of our clients. A common definition of customer satisfaction is that it is a measure of the extent to which a company’s products or services fulfil or exceed customer’s expectations. Customers can become dissatisfied with a company’s products or services for a wide variety of reasons. 3(c). Explain how prices are set to reflect an organisation’s objectives and market conditions. The purpose of the present study is to explore the pricing methods that service companies adopt in order to set their prices, along with the service, organizational and environmental characteristics that influence these methods. Methodology To achieve the research objectives, data were collected through personal interviews in 170 companies operating in six different services sectors in Greece. 3(d). Illustrate how promotional activity is integrated to achieve marketing objectives. Establishing objectives and budgeting for the promotional program. Importance of objectives, specific objectives, rela tions of planning and decision making, measurement and evaluation, characteristics of objectives are: Specific Attainable Measurable Realistic Quantifiable and Marketing Objectives Normally stated in the firm’s marketing plan. Realized through the overall marketing plan. Experimental, such as sales, market share. To be able in a given period of time must be practical and achievable to be effective. 3(e). Analyse the additional elements of the extended marketing mix. The marketing mix is the combination of marketing activities that an association connected in as to best meet the needs of its targeted market. Habitually the marketing mix consisted of just 4 Ps. they are: Produces products that are of the highest quality and fit for the needs of different groups of consumers. Offers a range of cars at value for money prices, depending on the market segmented they are targeted at. Sells the cars through appropriate outlets such as dealerships and showrooms in prime locations, i.e. in the right places, and Supports the marketing of the products through appropriate promotional and advertising activity. The marketing mix thus consists of four main elements: 1. Product 2. Price 3. Place 4. Promotion. Getting the mix of these elements right enables the association to meet its marketing objectives and to satisfy the requirements of customers. In addition to the traditional four Ps it is now customary to add some more Ps to the mix to give us Seven Ps. The additional Ps have been added because today marketing is far more customer oriented than ever before, and because the service sector of the economy has come to dominate economic activity in this country. These 3 extra Ps are particularly relevant to this new extended service mix. The three extra Ps are: 1. Physical layout – in the days when manufacturing dominated the UK economy the physical layout of production units such as factories was not very important to the end consumer because they never went inside the factory. However, today consumers typically come into contact with products in retail  units – and they expect a high level of presentation in modern shops – e.g. record stores, clothes shops etc. Not only do they need to easily find their way around the store, but they also often expect a good standard or presentation. 2. Provision of customer service – customer service lies at the heart of modern service industries. Customers are likely to be loyal to organizations that serve them well – from the way in which a telephone query is handled, to direct face-to-face interactions. Although the ‘have a nice day’ approach is a bit corny, it is certainly better than a couldn’t care less approach to customer relations. Call centre staff and customer interfacing personnel are the front line troops of any organization and therefore need to be thoroughly familiar with good customer relation’s practice. 3. Processes – associated with customer service are a number of processes involved in making marketing effective in an organization e.g. processes for handling customer complaints, processes for identifying customer needs and requirements, processes for handling order etc The 7 Ps – price, product, place, promotion, physical presence, provision of service, and processes comprise the modern marketing mix that is particularly relevant in service industry, but is al so relevant to any form of business where meeting the needs of customers is given priority. 4(a). Plan marketing mixes for two different segments in consumer markets. But different customers have different needs, and it rarely is possible to make happy all. Many of the consumer market segmentation variables can be applied to it can also be used to help a manager implement his/her own media plan. On one or two narrow market segments and tailoring your marketing mix to strategic marketing chapter objectives prelude case poor little rich. Objectives and issues of marketing strategy and marketing mix and action programmers in one consumer packaged goods category, 44 percent of consumers with different market segments and individual customers. To request the link at a different email address, update it here consumer markets individuals purchasing goods/services for their personal use businesses plan the introduction of new products to replace existing ones before they become could destroy the producer’s marketing mix this paper assesses the marketing mix of both easyJet and Ryanair, coke and pepsi have since been competing to rein the global market in consumer beverages. cuando se trata de marketing, plan and define their marketing mi x to meet the particular needs of different market  segments. 4(b). Illustrate differences in marketing products and services to businesses rather than consumers. Business marketing is the observe of marketing the products or services to the other companies, resell the products or services, use the products in combination with their own used products in their business process. In compare, consumer marketing is marketing directed toward the consumer, or the individual end user. The essentials of both the types of marketing are basically the same, but the issues faced can be different. All marketers select target markets and base their marketing decisions, such as price, type of promotion and distribution based on those target markets. But the nature of business purchasing is influenced by several decision makers, professional buyers and the potential for one. 4(c). Show how and why international marketing differs from domestic marketing. If you talk in general, both the terms Globa l and International marketing are used interchangeably at the present time. But if you are talking in terms of marketing theories, International Marketing was a stage in the evolution of Global Marketing. Domestic Marketing: Companies manufacturing products and selling those within the country itself. So, no international phenomenon at all. Export Marketing: Company starts exporting products to another countries also. This is the very basic stage of global marketing. Approach of marketer in this stage is said to be ‘ethnocentric’ because although he is selling goods to foreign countries, product development is totally based upon the taste of local customer. So, focus is still on domestic market. International Marketing: Now, company starts selling products to various countries and the approach is ‘Polycentric’ that is making different products for different countries. So, one main difference between International and the Global marketing is the come close to marketer. A truly global business instead of offering different products to different countries increases and offers a single product to the world. Conclusion: After consideration of all factors of marketing management parts explain that an opening into the world market and different aspects and you will pay attention about marketing mix. In this marketing mix there are seven process of marketing management. And finally it is concluded by the PEST analysis of micro and macro environmental factors that are influenced by marketing decisions. Need an essay? You can buy essay help from us today!

Finance and Accounting in the Entrepreneurship Business coursework Essay

Finance and Accounting in the Entrepreneurship Business coursework - Essay Example ase of the demand for the slap-up industrial coating material in the market, the SIJIA Industrial Material intends to come into the market of advanced PVC used as slap-up industrial coating material. According to the research, the demand for slap-up industrial coating material increases more rapidly than the supply. There are less than 10 manufactures which produce slap-up industrial coating material exclusively. Although some manufactures which produce mid/low end products whilst supplying the slap-up products, the scales are very small. And some of our existing customers are willing to purchase our slap-up products if we supply. The current thinking in Financial Management is that financial managers do not perform the role of goal keeping of financial data and information, and arranging funds, whenever directed to do so by the Board of Directors of Companies. Rather, financial managers perform key roles in top management areas by solving complex management problems. Financial management is a concept which deals with the efficient and effective use of economic resources, such as capital funds, in a most appropriate manner. Moreover, the concept of both finance and accounting is closely inter-related. As a finance manager, it is essential to provide a thorough analysis of almost all areas of business, to order to ensure the beneficial applicability of plans, policies and procedures. Finance managers lay stress on making judicious judgments on the profitability, solvency, liquidity, and growth aspects of the firm. Financial data occupy a bottom slot in business planning, albeit an important one, in business co ncepts and performance of the management team. Income statements are simple and straightforward reports on the proposed businesss cash-generating abilities. The advanced PVC used as slap-up industrial coating material is an important kind of the material for uniform such as the environment-protecting people’s clothes which require the highly damp proof

Pro Bono in the English Legal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pro Bono in the English Legal System - Essay Example For instance, in accordance with German law in case a litigant is unable to pay for juridical costs, he/she may appeal for free legal assistance. According to German law inability to represent the case in the court goes against public interests. In order to get free legal assistance a stated claim must be well grounded and perspective for win. Free legal aid in England and Wales is presented by a long set system. Lawyers representing clients without a fee are said to be working pro bono publico. According to Glossary of Labour and Legal Terminology Pro Bono Publico from Latin means for the public good 1. If to consider the term "pro bono" in an England and Wales context it should be pointed out that pro bono activity presuppose a level of organisational commitment beyond the incidental. In respect that we may define pro bono legal work as "legal advice or representation provided by layers on an organised basis to individuals and community groups who can not afford to pay for that advice or representation and where no public funding is available"2. It should be mentioned that pro bono legal work has a very significant purpose. We should clearly realize that pro bono is not just a kind of charity activities or some substitute for public funding. According to Attorney General,"pro bono is a complement to a publicly funded legal service. But there will always be an unmet legal need however generous a legal aid system is - and the demands for education, schools, hospitals, doctors, nacres, public services of all sorts means that legal aid can never be funded from bottomless purse". There is no doubt that pro bono work is a very important for every representative of legal profession, as together with practical skills it provides a lawyer with the ethos of pro bono culture. Now let us consider the biggest organisational units of pro bono legal work in England and Wales: Free Representation Unit - founded in the 70s of XX century by the initiative of a of Bar students for Legal Advice. Nowadays Free Representational Unit provides legal aid mostly in social security and employment cases by virtue of two full-time caseworkers staff and three part-time administrative staff. Bar Pro Bono Unit - founded in 1996 as a high profile Bar initiative headed by Lord Goldsmith. The unit "tends to represent in areas where there is no public funding such as employment, criminal injuries, planning inquires, defamation, inquest, immigration, and social security case"3. Solicitors Pro Bono Group (now renamed Law Works) - has been founded as an initiative of small number of City solicitors, which mostly depend for its funding on large City firms. This group has a number of projects such as Law Works and Law Works for Community Groups, Law Works Mediation, Law Works Web, and initiatives aimed at students. Kevin Martin, the president of Law Society, said: "Despite the headlines about fat cat lawyers, there are countless stories of solicitors doing voluntary work and giving free legal advice. We hope to raise the profile of pro bono work and dispel the myth that lawyers are only interested in making moneyIt is important to emphasise that pro bono work is in no way a substitute for a proper system of publicly funded legal services"4. Let us try to define what place pro bono legal work occupies in the legal system of England and Wales. The sine qua non of legal system's efficiency is an